The Large Intestines

THE LARGE INTESTINES

GENERAL FUNCTION

     The primary function of the large intestines is the salvaging of water and

electrolytes (salts). Most of the end products of digestion have already been absorbed in the small intestines. Within the large intestines, the contents are first a watery fluid. Thus, the large intestines are important in the conservation of water for use by the body. The large intestines remove water until a nearly solid mass is formed before defecation, the evacuation of feces.

MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS

   The major subdivisions of the large intestines are the cecum (with vermiform or

"worm-shaped" appendix), the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. The fecal mass is stored in the sigmoid colon until passed into the rectum.

RECTUM, ANAL CANAL, AND ANUS

   Rectum means "straight." However, this six-inch tubular structure would actually look a bit wave-like from the front. From the side, one would see that it was curved to conform the sacrum (at the lower end of the spinal column). The final storage of feces is in the rectum. The rectum terminates in the narrow anal canal, which is about one and one-half inches long in the adult. At the end of the anal canal is the opening called the anus. Muscles called the anal sphincters aid in the retention of feces until defecation.

Large Intestine

The large intestine forms an upside down U over the coiled small intestine. It begins at the lower right-hand side of the body and ends on the lower left-hand side.  The large intestine is about 5-6 feet long. 

It has 3 parts:

1.  the cecum, 
2. the colon, 
3. and the rectum.                                                                            

 The  cecum is a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine. This area allows food to pass from the small intestine to the large intestine. The colon is where fluids and salts are absorbed and extends from the cecum to the rectum. The last part of the large intestine is the rectum, which is where feces (waste material)is stored before leaving the body through the anus. The main job of the large intestine is to remove water and salts (electrolytes) from the undigested material and to form solid waste that can be excreted.  Bacteria in the large intestine help to break down the undigested materials. The remaining contents of the large intestine are moved toward the rectum, where feces are stored until they leave the body through the anus as a bowel movement.

Large Intestine

Beneath the epithelium, but still within the tunica mucosa is a layer - the lamina propria - of loose connective tissue through which course blood vessels and lymphatics that supply the epithelium. This layer also contains lymphatic nodules important to immune functions of the digestive tract. Finally, beneath the lamina propropria is a thin layer of smooth muscle (lamina muscularis mucosae) which permits the mucosa to dynamically move and fold.

Sumber : Bpk. Dr. Iskandar Zulkarnain

#posting tugas cyberprenership

    ahmad baihaqi

    NIM 1112503964

Liver And Gallbladder

LIVER AND GALLBLADDER

•  Liver Anatomy. The liver is a large and complex organ. Most of its mass is on the right side of the body and within the lower portion of the rib cage. Its upper surface is in contact with the diaphragm.
•  Liver Functions. The liver is a complex chemical factory with manyfunctions. These include  aspects of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and vitamin metabolism and processes related to blood clotting and red blood cell destruction. Its digestive function is to produce a fluid called bile or gall.
• Gallbladder. Until needed, the bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder, a sac on the inferior surface of the liver. Fluid from the gallbladder flows through the cystic duct, which joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form the   common bile duct. The common bile duct then usually joins with the duct of the pancreas as the fluid enters the duodenum.

PANCREAS

   The pancreas is a soft, pliable organ stretched across the posterior wall of the abdomen. When called upon, it secretes its powerful digestive fluid, known as pancreatic juice, into the duodenum. Its duct joins the common bile duct.

Liver and Bile

Pancreas

 

Sumber : Bpk. Dr. Iskandar Zulkarnain

#posting tugas cyberprenership

    ahmad baihaqi

    NIM 1112503964

Disorders of the Stomach

Disorders of the Stomach

Disorders of the stomach are common. There can be a lot of different causes with a variety of symptoms. The strength of the inner lining of the stomach needs a careful balance of acid and mucus. If there is not enough mucus in the stomach, ulcers, abdominal pain, indigestion, heartburn, nausea and vomiting could all be caused by the extra acid.

Erosions, ulcers, and tumors can cause bleeding. When blood is in the stomach it starts the digestive process and turns black. When this happens, the person can have black stool or vomit. Some ulcers can bleed very slowly so the person won't recognize the loss of blood. Over time, the iron in your body will run out, which in turn, will cause anemia.

There isn't a known diet to prevent against getting ulcers. A balanced, healthy diet is always recommended. Smoking can also be a cause of problems in the stomach. Tobacco increases acid production and damages the lining .

THE SMALL INTESTINES AND ASSOCIATED GLANDS

 

1. Digestion is a chemical process.  This process is facilitated by special chemicals called digestive enzymes. The end products of digestion are absorbed through the wall of the gut into the blood vessels. These end products are then distributed to body parts that need them for growth, repair, or energy.
2. There are associated glands--the liver and the pancreas--which produce  additional enzymes to further the process.
3. Most digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestin.

a.  The small intestines are classically divided into three areas-- the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum is C-shaped, about 10 inches long in the adult. The duodenum is looped around the pancreas. DUODENUM = 12 fingers (length equal to width of 12 fingers) The jejunum is approximately eight feet long and connects the duodenum and ileum. The ileum is about 12 feet long. The jejunum and ileum are attached to the rear wall of the abdomen with a membrane called a mesentery. This membrane allows mobility and serves as a passageway for nerves and vessels (NAVL) to the small intestines. JEJUNUM = empty ILEUM = lying next to the ilium (bone of the pelvic girdle; PELVIS = basin)

b.   The small intestine is tubular. It has muscular walls which produce a

       wave-like motion called peristalsis moving the contents along.                              The small intestine is just the right length to allow the processes of digestion and absorption to take place completely.

c.   The inner surface of the small intestine is NOT smooth like the inside of  new plumbing pipes. Rather, the inner surface has folds (plicae). On the surface of these plicae are finger-like projections called villi (villus, singular). This folding and the presence of villi increase the surface area available for absorption.

Tunica

Sumber : Bpk. Dr. Iskandar Zulkarnain

#posting tugas cyberprenership

    ahmad baihaqi

    NIM 1112503964