Disorders
of the stomach are common. There can be a lot of different causes with a
variety of symptoms. The strength of the inner lining of the stomach needs a
careful balance of acid and mucus. If there is not enough mucus in the
stomach, ulcers, abdominal pain, indigestion, heartburn, nausea and vomiting
could all be caused by the extra acid.
Erosions, ulcers, and tumors can cause bleeding. When blood is in the stomach it
starts the digestive process and turns black. When this happens, the person can
have
black stool or vomit.
Some ulcers
can bleed very
slowly so the person won't recognize the loss of blood. Over time, the iron in
your body will run out, which in turn, will cause anemia.
There
isn't a known diet to prevent against getting ulcers. A balanced, healthy diet
is always recommended. Smoking can also be a cause of problems in the stomach.
Tobacco increases acid production and damages the lining .
THE
SMALL INTESTINES AND ASSOCIATED GLANDS
- Digestion is a chemical process. This process is facilitated by special chemicals called digestive enzymes. The end products of digestion are absorbed through the wall of the gut into the blood vessels. These end products are then distributed to body parts that need them for growth, repair, or energy.
- There are associated glands--the liver and the pancreas--which produce additional enzymes to further the process.
- Most digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestin.
a. The small intestines are classically
divided into three areas-- the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum is C-shaped, about
10 inches long in the
adult.
The duodenum is looped around the pancreas. DUODENUM = 12 fingers (length equal
to width of 12 fingers) The
jejunum is approximately eight feet long and connects the duodenum and ileum. The ileum is about 12 feet long.
The jejunum and ileum are attached to the rear wall of the abdomen with a membrane called
a mesentery. This membrane allows mobility and serves as a passageway for nerves
and vessels (NAVL) to the small intestines. JEJUNUM = empty ILEUM = lying next to the ilium (bone of the pelvic girdle; PELVIS
= basin)
b.
The small intestine is tubular. It has muscular walls which produce
a
wave-like motion called
peristalsis moving the contents along. The small intestine is just the right length to allow the
processes of digestion and absorption to take place completely.
c. The inner surface of the small
intestine is NOT smooth like the inside of new plumbing pipes. Rather, the inner surface has folds
(plicae). On the surface of these plicae are finger-like projections called
villi (villus, singular). This folding and the presence of villi increase the surface area
available for absorption.
Tunica
Sumber : Bpk. Dr. Iskandar Zulkarnain
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ahmad baihaqi
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